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                    竞争条件检测
            
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                    示例: 并发的非阻塞缓存
            
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                    Goroutines和线程
            
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                    包和工具
            
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                    包简介
            
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                    包声明
            
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                    导入声明
            
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                    包的匿名导入
            
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                    包和命名
            
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                    工具
            
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                    测试
            
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                    go test
            
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                    测试函数
            
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                    测试覆盖率
            
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                    基准测试
            
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                    剖析
            
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                    示例函数
            
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                    反射
            
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                    为何需要反射?
            
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                    reflect.Type和reflect.Value
            
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                    Display递归打印
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.13.4" data-path="ch12-04.html">
            
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                    示例: 编码S表达式
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.13.5" data-path="ch12-05.html">
            
                <a href="ch12-05.html">
            
                    
                    通过reflect.Value修改值
            
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                    示例: 解码S表达式
            
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                    获取结构体字段标签
            
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                    显示一个类型的方法集
            
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                    几点忠告
            
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                    底层编程
            
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                    unsafe.Sizeof, Alignof 和 Offsetof
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.14.2" data-path="../ch13/ch13-02.html">
            
                <a href="../ch13/ch13-02.html">
            
                    
                    unsafe.Pointer
            
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                    示例: 深度相等判断
            
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                    通过cgo调用C代码
            
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        <a href=".." >reflect.Type和reflect.Value</a>
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                                <h2 id="122-reflecttype-&#x548C;-reflectvalue">12.2. reflect.Type &#x548C; reflect.Value</h2>
<p>&#x53CD;&#x5C04;&#x662F;&#x7531; reflect &#x5305;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x7684;&#x3002;&#x5B83;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#x4E86;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF0C;Type &#x548C; Value&#x3002;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A; Type &#x8868;&#x793A;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;Go&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x3002;&#x5B83;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x8BB8;&#x591A;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x6765;&#x533A;&#x5206;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x4EE5;&#x53CA;&#x68C0;&#x67E5;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x7EC4;&#x6210;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#xFF0C;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x6216;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x7684;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x7B49;&#x3002;&#x552F;&#x4E00;&#x80FD;&#x53CD;&#x6620; reflect.Type &#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x63CF;&#x8FF0;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#xFF08;&#xA7;7.5&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x4E5F;&#x6B63;&#x662F;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x5B9E;&#x4F53;&#x6807;&#x8BC6;&#x4E86;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x503C;&#x7684;&#x52A8;&#x6001;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x51FD;&#x6570; reflect.TypeOf &#x63A5;&#x53D7;&#x4EFB;&#x610F;&#x7684; interface{} &#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4EE5; reflect.Type &#x5F62;&#x5F0F;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x5176;&#x52A8;&#x6001;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-Go">t := reflect.TypeOf(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>)  <span class="hljs-comment">// a reflect.Type</span>
fmt.Println(t.String()) <span class="hljs-comment">// &quot;int&quot;</span>
fmt.Println(t)          <span class="hljs-comment">// &quot;int&quot;</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x5176;&#x4E2D; TypeOf(3) &#x8C03;&#x7528;&#x5C06;&#x503C; 3 &#x4F20;&#x7ED9; interface{} &#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x3002;&#x56DE;&#x5230; 7.5&#x8282; &#x7684;&#x5C06;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x503C;&#x8F6C;&#x4E3A;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x4F1A;&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x9690;&#x5F0F;&#x7684;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x4F1A;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5305;&#x542B;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x4FE1;&#x606F;&#x7684;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x503C;&#xFF1A;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x6570;&#x7684;&#x52A8;&#x6001;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF08;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x662F; int&#xFF09;&#x548C;&#x5B83;&#x7684;&#x52A8;&#x6001;&#x7684;&#x503C;&#xFF08;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x662F; 3&#xFF09;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x56E0;&#x4E3A; reflect.TypeOf &#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x52A8;&#x6001;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x503C;&#xFF0C;&#x5B83;&#x603B;&#x662F;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x3002;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x5C06;&#x6253;&#x5370; &quot;*os.File&quot; &#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x662F; &quot;io.Writer&quot;&#x3002;&#x7A0D;&#x540E;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x5C06;&#x770B;&#x5230;&#x80FD;&#x591F;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684; reflect.Type&#x3002;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> w io.Writer = os.Stdout
fmt.Println(reflect.TypeOf(w)) <span class="hljs-comment">// &quot;*os.File&quot;</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x8981;&#x6CE8;&#x610F;&#x7684;&#x662F; reflect.Type &#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x662F;&#x6EE1;&#x8DB3; fmt.Stringer &#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x7684;&#x3002;&#x56E0;&#x4E3A;&#x6253;&#x5370;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x7684;&#x52A8;&#x6001;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x8C03;&#x8BD5;&#x548C;&#x65E5;&#x5FD7;&#x662F;&#x6709;&#x5E2E;&#x52A9;&#x7684;&#xFF0C; fmt.Printf &#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7F29;&#x5199; %T &#x53C2;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; reflect.TypeOf &#x6765;&#x8F93;&#x51FA;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-Go">fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;%T\n&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// &quot;int&quot;</span>
</code></pre>
<p>reflect &#x5305;&#x4E2D;&#x53E6;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x91CD;&#x8981;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x662F; Value&#x3002;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A; reflect.Value &#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x88C5;&#x8F7D;&#x4EFB;&#x610F;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x503C;&#x3002;&#x51FD;&#x6570; reflect.ValueOf &#x63A5;&#x53D7;&#x4EFB;&#x610F;&#x7684; interface{} &#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x88C5;&#x8F7D;&#x7740;&#x5176;&#x52A8;&#x6001;&#x503C;&#x7684; reflect.Value&#x3002;&#x548C; reflect.TypeOf &#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#xFF0C;reflect.ValueOf &#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x7684;&#x7ED3;&#x679C;&#x4E5F;&#x662F;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x662F; reflect.Value &#x4E5F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x6301;&#x6709;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x503C;&#x3002;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-Go">v := reflect.ValueOf(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// a reflect.Value</span>
fmt.Println(v)          <span class="hljs-comment">// &quot;3&quot;</span>
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;%v\n&quot;</span>, v)   <span class="hljs-comment">// &quot;3&quot;</span>
fmt.Println(v.String()) <span class="hljs-comment">// <span class="hljs-doctag">NOTE:</span> &quot;&lt;int Value&gt;&quot;</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x548C; reflect.Type &#x7C7B;&#x4F3C;&#xFF0C;reflect.Value &#x4E5F;&#x6EE1;&#x8DB3; fmt.Stringer &#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x662F;&#x9664;&#x975E; Value &#x6301;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#xFF0C;&#x5426;&#x5219; String &#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x53EA;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x5176;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x3002;&#x800C;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; fmt &#x5305;&#x7684; %v &#x6807;&#x5FD7;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x4F1A;&#x5BF9; reflect.Values &#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5BF9; Value &#x8C03;&#x7528; Type &#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x5C06;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x6240;&#x5BF9;&#x5E94;&#x7684; reflect.Type&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-Go">t := v.Type()           <span class="hljs-comment">// a reflect.Type</span>
fmt.Println(t.String()) <span class="hljs-comment">// &quot;int&quot;</span>
</code></pre>
<p>reflect.ValueOf &#x7684;&#x9006;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x662F; reflect.Value.Interface &#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x3002;&#x5B83;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A; interface{} &#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF0C;&#x88C5;&#x8F7D;&#x7740;&#x4E0E; reflect.Value &#x76F8;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x503C;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-Go">v := reflect.ValueOf(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// a reflect.Value</span>
x := v.Interface()      <span class="hljs-comment">// an interface{}</span>
i := x.(<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>)            <span class="hljs-comment">// an int</span>
fmt.Printf(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;%d\n&quot;</span>, i)   <span class="hljs-comment">// &quot;3&quot;</span>
</code></pre>
<p>reflect.Value &#x548C; interface{} &#x90FD;&#x80FD;&#x88C5;&#x8F7D;&#x4EFB;&#x610F;&#x7684;&#x503C;&#x3002;&#x6240;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#xFF0C;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7A7A;&#x7684;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#x9690;&#x85CF;&#x4E86;&#x503C;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x7684;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x548C;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x53EA;&#x6709;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x77E5;&#x9053;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x52A8;&#x6001;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x624D;&#x80FD;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x65AD;&#x8A00;&#x6765;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x7684;&#x503C;&#xFF08;&#x5C31;&#x50CF;&#x4E0A;&#x9762;&#x90A3;&#x6837;&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x503C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x6CA1;&#x6CD5;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x3002;&#x76F8;&#x6BD4;&#x4E4B;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A; Value &#x5219;&#x6709;&#x5F88;&#x591A;&#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x6765;&#x68C0;&#x67E5;&#x5176;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#xFF0C;&#x65E0;&#x8BBA;&#x5B83;&#x7684;&#x5177;&#x4F53;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x662F;&#x4EC0;&#x4E48;&#x3002;&#x8BA9;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x518D;&#x6B21;&#x5C1D;&#x8BD5;&#x5B9E;&#x73B0;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x683C;&#x5F0F;&#x5316;&#x51FD;&#x6570; format.Any&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x4F7F;&#x7528; reflect.Value &#x7684; Kind &#x65B9;&#x6CD5;&#x6765;&#x66FF;&#x4EE3;&#x4E4B;&#x524D;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B; switch&#x3002;&#x867D;&#x7136;&#x8FD8;&#x662F;&#x6709;&#x65E0;&#x7A77;&#x591A;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x662F;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x7684; kinds &#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x5374;&#x662F;&#x6709;&#x9650;&#x7684;&#xFF1A;Bool&#x3001;String &#x548C; &#x6240;&#x6709;&#x6570;&#x5B57;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x7840;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF1B;Array &#x548C; Struct &#x5BF9;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x805A;&#x5408;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF1B;Chan&#x3001;Func&#x3001;Ptr&#x3001;Slice &#x548C; Map &#x5BF9;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF1B;interface &#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF1B;&#x8FD8;&#x6709;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#x7A7A;&#x503C;&#x7684; Invalid &#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x3002;&#xFF08;&#x7A7A;&#x7684; reflect.Value &#x7684; kind &#x5373;&#x4E3A; Invalid&#x3002;&#xFF09;</p>
<p><u><i>gopl.io/ch12/format</i></u></p>
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">package</span> format

<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> (
    <span class="hljs-string">&quot;reflect&quot;</span>
    <span class="hljs-string">&quot;strconv&quot;</span>
)

<span class="hljs-comment">// Any formats any value as a string.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> Any(value <span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span>{}) <span class="hljs-keyword">string</span> {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> formatAtom(reflect.ValueOf(value))
}

<span class="hljs-comment">// formatAtom formats a value without inspecting its internal structure.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> formatAtom(v reflect.Value) <span class="hljs-keyword">string</span> {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">switch</span> v.Kind() {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> reflect.Invalid:
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;invalid&quot;</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16,
        reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> strconv.FormatInt(v.Int(), <span class="hljs-number">10</span>)
    <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16,
        reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr:
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> strconv.FormatUint(v.Uint(), <span class="hljs-number">10</span>)
    <span class="hljs-comment">// ...floating-point and complex cases omitted for brevity...</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> reflect.Bool:
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> strconv.FormatBool(v.Bool())
    <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> reflect.String:
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> strconv.Quote(v.String())
    <span class="hljs-keyword">case</span> reflect.Chan, reflect.Func, reflect.Ptr, reflect.Slice, reflect.Map:
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> v.Type().String() + <span class="hljs-string">&quot; 0x&quot;</span> +
            strconv.FormatUint(<span class="hljs-keyword">uint64</span>(v.Pointer()), <span class="hljs-number">16</span>)
    <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span>: <span class="hljs-comment">// reflect.Array, reflect.Struct, reflect.Interface</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> v.Type().String() + <span class="hljs-string">&quot; value&quot;</span>
    }
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x5230;&#x76EE;&#x524D;&#x4E3A;&#x6B62;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x7684;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x5C06;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x503C;&#x89C6;&#x4F5C;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x4E0D;&#x53EF;&#x5206;&#x5272;&#x6CA1;&#x6709;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x7684;&#x7269;&#x54C1;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#x5B83;&#x53EB; formatAtom&#x3002;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x805A;&#x5408;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF08;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F53;&#x548C;&#x6570;&#x7EC4;&#xFF09;&#x548C;&#x63A5;&#x53E3;&#xFF0C;&#x53EA;&#x662F;&#x6253;&#x5370;&#x503C;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF0C;&#x5BF9;&#x4E8E;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#xFF08;channels&#x3001;functions&#x3001;pointers&#x3001;slices &#x548C; maps&#xFF09;&#xFF0C;&#x6253;&#x5370;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x548C;&#x5341;&#x516D;&#x8FDB;&#x5236;&#x7684;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x5730;&#x5740;&#x3002;&#x867D;&#x7136;&#x8FD8;&#x4E0D;&#x591F;&#x7406;&#x60F3;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x662F;&#x4F9D;&#x7136;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x91CD;&#x5927;&#x7684;&#x8FDB;&#x6B65;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14; Kind &#x53EA;&#x5173;&#x5FC3;&#x5E95;&#x5C42;&#x8868;&#x793A;&#xFF0C;format.Any &#x4E5F;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x5177;&#x540D;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x3002;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-Go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> x <span class="hljs-keyword">int64</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> d time.Duration = <span class="hljs-number">1</span> * time.Nanosecond
fmt.Println(format.Any(x))                  <span class="hljs-comment">// &quot;1&quot;</span>
fmt.Println(format.Any(d))                  <span class="hljs-comment">// &quot;1&quot;</span>
fmt.Println(format.Any([]<span class="hljs-keyword">int64</span>{x}))         <span class="hljs-comment">// &quot;[]int64 0x8202b87b0&quot;</span>
fmt.Println(format.Any([]time.Duration{d})) <span class="hljs-comment">// &quot;[]time.Duration 0x8202b87e0&quot;</span>
</code></pre>

                                
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